Scientific Documentation

Below you will find scientific documentation for the following topics:

Gut Dysbiosis and Immune Dysregulation
Epidemic Statistics and Facts
The Impact of the Overuse of Pharmaceuticals
The Impact of Immunization

1. Michael Camilleri, “Serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract,” Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 16, no. 1 (February 2009): 53-59.
2. IN Pessah et al., “Immunologic and neurdevelopmental susceptibilities of autism,” Neurotoxicology 29, no. 3 (May 2008): 532-45;
3. PH Patterson,  “Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism:  Etiology, pathology and animal models,” Behavioural Brain Research 24 (Dec 2008).
4. Roland Tisch et al., “Dysregulation of T cell peripheral tolerance in type 1 diabetes,” Advances in Immunology 100 (2008): 125-149.
5. C.A. Edwards and A. M. Parrett, “Intestinal flora during the first months of life:  new perspectives,” British Journal of Nutrition 88 (2002):  S11-S18.
6. A. Borchers et al., “Probiotics and immunity,” Journal of Gastroenterology 44 (2009): 26-46.
7. UG Strauch et al., “Influence of intestinal bacteria on induction of regulatory T cells:  lessons from a transfer model of colitis,” Gut 54 (2005):1546-1552.
8. Tomas Hrncir et al., “Gut microbiota and lipopolysaccharide content of the diet influence development of regulatory T cells:  studies in germ-free mice,” BMC Immunology 9 (2008): 65
9. Hiroaki Kitano and Kanae Oda, “Robustness trade-offs and host-microbial symbiosis in the immune system,” Molecular Systems Biology 2 (2006).
10.  Hannah Wexler,  “Bacteroides:  the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20, no. 4 (October 2007):  593-621.
11.  Ann M. O’Hara and Fergus Shanahan, “The gut flora as a forgotten organ,” European Molecular Biology Organization Report 7, no 7 (July 2006): 688-693.
12.  Jessica Snyder Sachs, Good Germs, Bad Germs:  Health and Survival in a Bacterial World (New York:  Hill and Wang, 2007).
13.  Patrick Hanaway MD,  “Balance of Flora, GALT, and Mucosal Integrity,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 12, no. 5 (September/October 2006).
14.  Leo Galland, MD,“The Effect of Intestinal Microbes on Systemic Immunity,” Excerpted from Power Healing (New York: Random House, 1998) http://mdheal.org/microbes.htm (accessed February 12, 2009).
15.  G. Oliveira et al.,  “Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders:  a population-based study,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 47 (2005): 185-189.
16.  Z. Liu et al.,  “Tight junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases,” Acta Paediatricia 94 (2005): 386-393.
17.  J.W. Bennett and M. Klich, “Mycotoxins,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews (July 2003): 497-516.
18.  Yoshinori Mine and Jie Wie Zhang, “Surfactants Enhance the Tight-Junction Permeability of Food Allergens in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells,” International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 130, no. 2 (Feb 2003)
19.  Simon Smale and Ingvar Bjarnason, “Determining small bowel integrity following drug treatment,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 56, no. 3 (September 2003): 284-291
20.  Ruchika Mohan et al.,  “Effects of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Supplementation on Intestinal Microbiota of Preterm Infants:  A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44, no. 11 (November 2006): 4025-4031.
21.  Samuli Rautava and Erika Isolauri,  “The Development of Gut Immune Responses and Gut Microbiota:  Effects of Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of Allergic Disease,” Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology 3 (2002): 15-22.
22.  F. Savino,  “Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic:  a prospective randomized study,” Pediatrics 119, no. 1 (January 2007): e124-30.
23.  Erica White and Caroline Sherlock, “The Effect of Nutritional Therapy for Yeast Infection (Candidiasis) in Cases of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 20, no. 3 (2005).
24.  Natasha Campbell-McBride, Gut and Psychology Syndrome (Cambridge:  Medinform Publishing, 2004).
25.  Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, “Birth Control Pill: Oral Contraceptive Use May Be Safe, But Information Gaps Remain,” ScienceDaily, January 17, 2009, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090114092848.htm (accessed February 26, 2009).
26.  Randall Fitzgerald, The Hundred-Year Lie (London: Plume, 2007).
27.  Joanne K. Tobacman,  “Review of Harmful Gastrointestinal Effects of Carrageenan in Animal Experiments,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no 10 (October 2001).
28.  Gail Hecht,  “Microbial Pathogens That Affect Tight Junctions,” in Tight Junctions (New York: CRC Press, 2001): 493-515.
29.  Dr. Robyn Cosford,  “Occult Infections, Streptococcus, Biofilms, PANDAS and MINDDD in Autism,” (lecture, Defeat Autism Now! Conference, San Diego, CA, October 2008).
30.  Lindsey A. Moser et al., “Astrovirus Increases Epithelial Barrier Permeability Independently of Viral Replication,” Journal of Virology 81, no. 21 (November 2007).
31.  RC Bransfield et al., “The association between tick-borne infections, Lyme borreliosis and autism spectrum disorders,” Medical Hypotheses 70, no. 5 (November 2007): 967-74.
32.  Mark. A. Hyman, M.D, “Is the Cure for Brain Disorders Outside the Brain?” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 13, no. 6 (November/December 2007): 6.
33.  Mark Jackson, Allergy:  The History of a Modern Malady (London: Reaktion Books, 2007).
34.  Katrina J. Allen, David J. Hill and Ralf G. Heine,  “Food Allergy in Childhood,” Medical Journal of Australia 185, no 7 (October 2006).
35.  William Walsh, Food Allergies: The Complete Guide to Understanding and Relieving Your Food Allergies (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley John and Sons Inc, 2000): 3.
36.  E. Isolauri, S.Rautava, and M. Kalliomaki, “Food allergy in irritable bowel syndrome:  new facts and old fallacies,” Gut 53, no. 10 (October 2004): 1391-1393.
37.  C. Vael et al.,  “Early intestinal Bacteroides fragilis colonization and development of asthma,” BMC Pulmonary Medicine 8 (September 2008): 19.
38.  Nariman Hijazi, Bahaa Abalkhail, and Anthony Seaton,  “Diet and childhood asthma in a society in transition:  A study in urban and rural Saudi Arabia,” Thorax 55, no. 9 (2000): 775-779.
39.  CR Morris and MC Agin, “Syndrome of allergy, apraxia, and malabsorption:  characterization of a neurodevelopmental phenotype that responds to omega 3 and vitamin E supplementation,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 15, no. 4 (July-August 2009): 34-43.
40.  Bryan Jepson, MD, “Conference Presentations: Bryan Jepson, MD,” Thoughtful House Center for Children, http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/0405-conf-bjepson.htm, (accessed July 20, 2009).
41.  Lynn Waterhouse, “Autism Overflows:  Increasing Prevalence and Proliferating Theories,” Neuropsychology Review 18 (November 2008): 273-286.
42.  Mark Hyman MD, “Autism: Is It All in the Head?” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 14, no. 6 (November/December 2008): 12-15.
43.  Hans Rediers et al., “Unraveling the Secret Lives of Bacteria:  Use of In Vivo Expression Technology and Differential Fluorescence Induction Promoter Traps as Tools for Exploring Niche-Specific Gene Expression,” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 69, no. 2 (June 2005): 217-261.
44.  Dr. Arthur Krigsman, “Gastrointestinal Pathology in Autism:  Description and Treatment,” Thoughtful House Center for Children, paper adapted from a presentation (2000), http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/0405-conf-akrigsman.htm (accessed March 18, 2009).
45.  Dr. Margaret Bauman,  “The Autism Spectrum Disorders: Beyond Behavior—Research and Treatment Implications,” (lecture, UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, Distinguished Lecturer Series, Sacramento, CA, January 11, 2006) http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/events/dls_recorded_events.html#dls08. (accessed, January 21, 2009).
46.  Karoly Horvath et al., “Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder,”  Journal of Pediatrics 135, no. 5 (November 1999): 559-63.
47.  Karoly Horvath and JA Perman,  “Autistic disorder and gastrointestinal disease,” Current Opinion in Pediatrics 14, no. 5 (October 2002): 583-7.
48.  Craig A. Erickson et al., “Gastrointestinal Factors in Autistic Disorder:  A Critical Review,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 35, no. 6, (December 2005).
49.  Dr. Andrew Wakefield,  “The Seat of the Soul; The Origins of the Autism Epidemic,” (lecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, November 17, 2005, Thoughtful House Center for Children, http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/awakefield_1105.pdf (accessed March 6, 2009).
50.  Some of Dr. Wakefield’s research is available at: http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/publications.htm (accessed March 7, 2009).
51.  B Thjodleifsson et al., “Effect of Pentavac and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination on the intestine,” Gut 51, no. 6 (December 2002): 816-7.
52.  Massimo Montalto et al, “Fecal Calprotectin Concentrations in Patients with Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth,” Digestive Diseases 26, no. 2 (April 2008): 183-186.
53.  L. Shi et al., “Activation of the maternal immune system alters cerebellar development in the offspring,”  Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 23, no. 1 (January 2009): 116-23.
54.  C. Winter et al., “Dopamine and serotonin levels following prenatal viral infection in mouse—implications for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism,” European Neuropsychopharmacology 18, no. 10 (October 2008): 712-6.
55.  GL Nicolson et al., “Evidence for Mycoplasma ssp., Chlamydia pneumoniae, and human herpes virus-6 coinfections in the blood of patients with autistic spectrum disorders,” Journal of Neuroscience Research 85, no. 5 (April 2007): 1143-8.
56.  K Lancaster et al., “Abnormal social behaviors in young and adult rats neonatally infected with Borna disease virus,” Behavioural Brain Research 176, no. 1 (January 2007): 141-8.
57.  Sidney Baker, “Canaries and Miners,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 14, no. 6 (2008): 24-26.
58.  Hans Rediers et al., “Unraveling the Secret Lives of Bacteria:  Use of In Vivo Expression Technology and Differential Fluorescence Induction Promotor Traps as Tools for Exploring Niche-Specific Gene Expression,” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 69, no. 2 (June 2005): 217-261.
59.  Fredrik Bäckhed et al., “Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine,” Science 307 (March 25, 2005): 1915
60.  Genome Alberta, “The Human Metabolome Project,” www.metabolomics.ca/ (accessed March 6, 2009).
61.  Jessica A. Clark and Craig M. Coopersmith, “Intestinal crosstalk—a new paradigm for understanding the gut as the ‘motor’ of critical illness,” Shock 28, no. 4 (October 2007): 384-393.
62.  Ann M. O’Hara and Fergus Shanahan,  “The gut flora as a forgotten organ,” European Molecular Biology Organization Reports 7, no. 7 (2006).
63.  Paul Ashwood et al., “The immune response in autism:  a new frontier for autism research,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology 80 (July 2006): 1-15.
64.  M. Mary Konstantareas and Soula Homatidis, “Brief Report: Ear infections in autistic and normal children,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 17, no. 4 (December 1987).
65.  Germana Moretti,  “What every psychiatrist should know about PANDAS:  a review,” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 4 (May 2008): 13.
66.  Harumi Jyonouchi et al.,  “Impact of innate immunity in a subset of children with autism spectrum disorders:  a case control study,” Journal of Neuroinflammation 5 (November 2008): 52.
67.  Russell C. Dale et al.,  “Encephalitis lethargica syndrome:  20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity,” Brain 127, no. 1 (October 2003).
68.  Anne M. Connolly, MD et al., “Serum autoantibodies to brain in Landau-Kleffner variant, autism, and other neurologic disorders,” The Journal of Pediatrics 134, no. 5 (May 1999): 607-13.
69.  Diane L. Vargas et al., “Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism,” Annals of Neurology 57, no. 1 (January 2005): 67-81.
70.  Dr. Andrew Wakefield, “The Seat of the Soul; The Origins of the Autism Epidemic,” (lecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, November 17, 2005) http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/awakefield_1105.pdf (accessed March 6, 2009).
71.  R.E.O. Williams et al., “The influence of intestinal bacteria on the absorption and metabolism of foreign compounds,” Journal of Clinical Pathology 5 Supplement (1971): 125-129.
72.  Rowland et al., “Effects of diet on mercury metabolism and excretion in mice given methylmercury: role of gut flora,” Archives of Environmental Health 39, no. 6 (1984): 401-8.
73.  Center for Science in the Public Interest, “Petition to Set a Regulatory Limit for Methylmercury in Seafood that Reflects the Risk to Pregnant Women and Children From the Intake of Seafood Containing Methylmercury,” Letter to Dr. Jane Henney, Commissioner, FDA, July 17, 2000 http://www.cspinet.org/foodsafety/methylmerc_limit.html (accessed March 8, 2009).
74.  David Wallinga et al.,  “Not So Sweet:  Missing Mercury and High Fructose Corn Syrup,”  Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (January 2009).
75.  James B. Adams et al., “Mercury, Lead, and Zinc in Baby Teeth of Children with Autism Versus Controls,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 70 (2007).
76.  James B. Adams et al., “Mercury in first-cut baby hair of children with autism versus typically-developing children,” Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 90, no. 4 (October 2008): 739-753.
77.  Amy Holmes et al., “Reduced Levels of Mercury in First Baby Haircuts of Autistic Children,” International Journal of Toxicology 22 (March 2003): 277-285.
78.  Gayle C. Windham et al., “Autism Spectrum Disorders in Relation to Distribution of Hazardous Air Pollutants in the San Francisco Bay Area,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114, no. 9 (September 2006): 1438-44.
79.  R.F. Palmer et al., “Proximity to point sources of environmental mercury release as a predictor of autism prevalence,”  Health and Place 15, no. 1 (March 2009): 18-24.
80.  Richard Lathe, “Environmental factors and limbic vulnerability in childhood autism; Clinical report,” American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (March 22, 2008).
81.  S. Jill James et al., “Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, no. 6 (December 2004 ): 1611-1617.
82.  Kenneth Blum et al., “Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome,” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 4, no. 5 (2008) 893-917.
83.  Physician’s Postgraduate Press, “Managing ADHD in Children, Adolescents, and Adults With Comorbid Anxiety in Primary Care,” The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 9, no. 2 (2007): 129-138.
84.  Richard Mackarness, Not All in The Mind (London:  Pan, 1976).
85.  Dr. William H. Philpott and Dwight K. Kalita PhD, Brain Allergies:  The Psychonutrient and Magnetic Connections (Los Angeles: Keats Publishing, 1980) 23.
86.  Paul D. Arnold and Margaret A. Richter, “Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an autoimmune disease?” Canadian Medical Association Journal 165, no. 10 (November 2001): 1353-1358.
87.  Daniel R. Hanson and Irving I. Gottesman, “Theories of schizophrenia:  a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis,” BMC Medical Genetics 6 (February 2005): 7.
88.  Hui-Li Want et al.,  “Case-Control Study of Blood Lead Levels and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Chinese Children,” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 10 (October 2008).
89.  Braun et al., “Association of Environmental Toxicants and Conduct Disorder in U.S. Children,” NHANES 2001-2004 116, no. 7 (July 2008).
90.  Carol Joinson et al.,  “Psychological Difference Between Children With and Without Soiling Problems,” Pediatrics 117, no. 5 (May 2006): 1575-1584.
91.  M.A. Benninga et al., “Colonic transit times and behaviour profiles in children with defecation disorders,” Archives of the Diseases of Childhood 89 (2004): 13-16.
92.  JM Swanson et al., “Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors and the dopamine hypothesis,” Neuropsychology Review 17, no. 1 (March 2007): 39-59.
93.  Bistra B Nankova,  “Nicotinic Induction of Preproenkephalin and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression in Butyrate-Differentiated Rat PC12 Cells:  A Model for Adaptation to Gut-Derived Environmental Signals,” Pediatric Research 53, no. 1 (January 2003): 113-118.
94.  Pradeep Mally et al., “Stereospecific Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Proenkephalin Genes by Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Rat PC12 Cells,” Pediatric Research 55, no. 5 (May 2004): 847-854.

The Epidemiological Evidence

1. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Obesity Prevalence,” The CDC, http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/childhood/prevalence.html (accessed January 10, 2009).
2. Mary Jo Stanley, RN MS,  “Assessing Prevalence of Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Suspended Middle School Students,” The Journal of School Nursing 22 (2006): 40-47
3. “Rx for Behavior Problems in Pre-K,” Preschool Matters, A publication of the National Institute for Early Education Research 5 (November/December 2007).
4. Walter S. Gilliam, PhD, “Prekindergarteners Left Behind:  Expulsion Rates in State Prekindergarten Programs,” Foundation for Child Development Policy Brief, Series No. 3 (May 2005).
5. Cathy Huanqing Qi et al.,  “Behavior Problems of Preschool Children From Low-Income Families:  Review of the Literature,” Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 162 (June 2005).
6. Kenneth Bock, M.D,  Healing the New Childhood Epidemics:  Autism, ADHD, Asthma, and Allergies (New York:  Ballantine Books, 2007).
7. National Center for Health Statistics 2006, The CDC, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/asthma.htm (accessed January 10, 2009).
8. American Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, www.aaai.org (accessed January 10, 2009).
9. National Center For Health Statistics, The CDC, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/asthma.htm (accessed January 10, 2009).
10.  The American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, “Asthma Uncontrolled in 85% of Inner City Students,” American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology Online (July 10, 2006) http://www.acaai.org/public/linkpages/AsthmaInnerCity.htm (accessed August 15, 2009).
11.  The Centers for Disease Control, NCHS Data Brief No. 10,by Amy M. Branum et al., The CDC, National Center for Health Statistics (October 2007).
12.  Elizabeth Lipski, Digestive Wellness (New York:  McGraw Hill, 2004) 90.
13.National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, “Food Allergy:  Report of the NIH Expert Panel on Food Allergy Research,” NIH,  http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodAllergy/research/ReportFoodAllergy.htp (accessed August 3, 2009).
14.  The Centers for Disease Control, NCHS Data Brief No. 10,by Amy M. Branum et al., The CDC, National Center for Health Statistics (October 2007).
15.  Phil Lieberman, MD and John A. Anderson, MD, Allergic Diseases (Totowa, NJ:  Human Press, 2007), 272.
16. The Centers for Disease Control, “QuickStats:  Percentage of Children Aged 5-17 Years Ever Having Diagnoses of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Learning Disability (LD) by Sex and Diagnosis,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly 54, no. 43(November 2005): 1107, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5443a8.htm (accessed September 9, 2009).
17.  Lynn Waterhouse, “Autism Overflows:  Increasing Prevalence and Proliferating Theories,” Neuropsychology Review 18 (2008) 273-286.
18.  Sue Reid,  “One child in 60 ‘suffers from a form of autism,’” The Daily Mail Online, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1163606/One-child-60-suffers-form-autism.html (accessed August 3, 2009).
19.  Autism Research Institute, “Recently Released Data from the National Survey of Children’s Health Reports that Autism Now Affects 1% of Children and is More Common Than Children’s Cancer, Diabetes, and AIDS combined,” Reuters, August 3, 2009 (accessed August 3, 2009).
20. Autism Research Institute, ARI Calls for Immediate Federal Response to New Autism Figures – Oct. ’09 (October 2009) http://www.autism.com (accessed October 6, 2009).
21.  National Institutes of Mental Health, ADHD Booklet (2003) http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/adhd_booklet.pdf (accessed March 11, 2009); William E. Pelham PhD, et al.,  “The Economic Impact of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents,” Ambulatory Pediatrics (January/February 2007): 1.
22.  Melissa A Brotman et al., “Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children,” Biological Psychiatry 60, no. 9 (2006): 991-997.
23.  S. Sutton Hamilton et al., “Oppositional Defiant Disorder,” American Family Physician, 78, no. 7 (October 2008): 861-866.
24.  Natasha Campbell McBride, “GAPS, the Gut and Psychology Syndrome” (lecture, The Weston A. Price Foundation, Wise Traditions Conference, San Francisco, CA, November 8, 2008).
25.  Carlos Blanco MD et al., “Mental Health of College Students and Their Non–College-Attending Peers: Results From the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” Archives of General Psychiatry 65, no. 12 (2008): 1429-1437.
26.  Tanya E. Froehlich, MD et al., “Prevalence, Recognition, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Sample of US Children,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 161, no. 9 (2007): 857-864.
27. William E. Pelham PhD, et al.,  “The Economic Impact of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents,” Ambulatory Pediatrics (January/February 2007).
28. Donna Jackson Nakazawa, The Autoimmune Epidemic (New York:  Simon & Schuster, 2008).
29.  C. Jakobsen, “Incidence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in Danish children: Still rising or leveling out?” Journal of Crohn’s & Colitis 2 (June 2008): 152-157; Johan van Limbergen et al., “A detailed investigation into epidemiological risk factors for childhood onset inflammatory bowel disease in Scotland,” Gastroenterology 134, no. 4 (2008): A189.
30.  Children’s Digestive Health and Nutrition Foundation, “Pediatric Celiac Disease”  www.celiachealth.org (accessed March 11, 2009).
31.  MSNBC, “Celiac disease cases quadruple in the United States,” Reuters. July 10, 2009, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31852701/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition/ (accessed July 11, 2009).
32.  William E. Pelham PhD, et al.,  “The Economic Impact of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents,” Ambulatory Pediatrics (January/February 2007).
33.  Michael L. Ganz, “The lifetime distribution of incremental societal costs of autism,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161 (2007): 343-349.
34.  Fighting Autism, “U.S. Annual Economic Cost,” www.fightingautism.org (accessed August 30, 2009).
35.  The Autism Society of America, “Facts and Statistics,” http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=asa_media_home (accessed August 30, 2009).
36.  The National Autistic Society,  “Employment,” http://www.nas.org.uk/nas/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1937 (accessed August 28, 2009).
37.  E. Michael Foster et al., “The High Costs of Aggression: Public Expenditures Resulting From Conduct Disorder,” American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 10 (October 2005): 1767.
38.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  “Autism Information Center,” http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/faq_prevalence.htm (accessed March 5, 2009).
39.  Chris Plauché Johnson, MD et al., “Identification and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Pediatrics 120, no. 5 (November 2007).
40.  PT Shattuck,  “The Contribution of Diagnostic Substitution to the Growing Administrative Prevalence of Autism in US Special Education,” Pediatrics 117, no. 4 (April 2006): 1028-1037.
41.  Jacquelyn Bertrand, “Prevalence of Autism in a United States Population:  The Brick Township, New Jersey, Investigation” Pediatrics 108, no. 5 (November 2001): 1155-116;
42.  Irva Hertz-Picciotto and Lora Delwiche, “The Rise in Autism and the Role of Age at Diagnosis,” Epidemiology 20, no. 1 (January 2009): 84-90.
43.  Mark Blaxill,  “What’s Going On?  The Question of Time Trends in Autism,” Public Health Reports 119, no. 5 (November 2004): 536 -352.
44.  Thoughtful House Center for Children, “Autism Diagnostic Substitution,”
45.  FightingAutism, Austin, TX, http://www.fightingautism.org/idea/autism-diagnostic-substitution.php (accessed February 16, 2009).
46.  The American Academy of Pediatrics, “ADHD,” http://www.aap.org/publiced/br_adhd_faq.htm (accessed February 16, 2009).
47.  Bruce P. Lanphear et al., “Increasing Prevalence of Recurrent Otitis Media Among Children in the United States,” Pediatrics 99, no. 3 (March 1997): e1.
48.  Dr. Robyn Cosford,  “Occult Infections, Streptococcus, Biofilms, PANDAS and MINDDD in Autism,”  (lecture, Defeat Autism Now Conference, San Diego, CA, October 2008).
49.  The American Academy of Microbiology, “Probiotic Microbes:  The Scientific Basis,” American Society for Microbiology, http://academy.asm.org/images/stories/documents/probioticmicrobesfull.pdf (accessed, March 14, 2009).

Overuse of Medication/Pharmaceuticals

1. Maggie Mahar, Money Driven Medicine (New York:  Collins, 2006).
2. Jason A. Hawrelak et al., “The Causes of Intestinal Dysbiosis:  A Review,” Alternative Medicine Review 9, no. 2 (2004).
3. Union of Concerned Scientists, Hogging It!:  Estimates of Antimicrobial Abuse in Livestock (Cambridge, MA:  Union of Concerned Scientists 2001) http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/hog_chaps.pdf (accessed March 23, 2009).
4. Martin J. Blaser, “Who are we: Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human diseases,” European Molecular Biology Organization Report 7, no. 10 (2006).
5. Carl Erik Nord et al., “Effect of Tigecycline on Normal Oropharyngeal and Intestinal Microflora,” Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 50, no. 10 (October 2006).
6. Carl Erik Nord and C Edlund, “Impact of antimicrobial agents on human intestinal microflora,” Journal of Chemotherapy 2 (1990): 218-237.
7. Williamson et al.,  “Consultations for middle ear disease, antibiotic prescribing and risk factors for reattendance: a case-linked cohort study,” British Journal of General Practice 56, no. 524 (March 2006): 170-175.
8. MJ Benotti et al.,  “Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water,” Environmental Science Technology 43, no. 3 (February 2009): 597-603.
9. David L. Smith et al., “Agricultural Antibiotics and Human Health,” PLoS Medicine 2, no. 8 (August 2005).
10.  Jeremy K. Nicholson et al., “Gut Microorganisms, mammalian metabolism and personalized health care,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 (April 2005).
11.  Jack Challem, The Inflammation Syndrome (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Son, 2003).
12.  D. Adebayo and I. Bjarnason,  “Is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) enteropathy clinically more important than NSAID gastropathy?” Postgraduate Medical Journal 82, no. 965 (March 2006): 186-191.
13.  Simon Smale & Ingvar Bjarnason, “Determining small bowel integrity following drug treatment,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 56 (2003): 284-291.
14.  Mohammed A. S. Alem and L. Julia Douglas, “Effects of Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Biofilms and Planktonic Cells of Candida albicans,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 1 (January 2004).
15.  JM Hassing et al.,  “Acetaminophen-induced glutathione depletion in diabetic rats,” Research Communications Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 25, no. 1 (July 1979): 3-11.
16.  “Autistic children’s abnormal metabolic profile findings,” Medical News Today April 3, 2005, http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/22178.php (accessed August 25, 2009)
17.  James, S. Jill et al. 2004. Metabolic biomakers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, no. 6 (December): 1611-1617.
18.  Sidney MacDonald Baker,  “Canaries and Miners,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 14 no. 6 (November/December 2008): 24-26.
19.  ST Schultz et al., “Acetaminophen (paracetamol) use, measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, and autistic disorder:  the results of a parent survey,” Autism 12, no. 3 (May 2008): 293-307.
20.  S. Maraki et al.,  “Ceftriaxone and dexamethasone affecting yeast gut flora in experimental mice,” Journal of Chemotherapy 11, no. 5  (October 1999): 363-6
21.  L. Arruvito et al.,  “NK cells expressing progesterone receptor are susceptible to progesterone-induced apoptosis,” Journal of Immunology 180, no. 8 (April 2008): 5746-53.
22.  Margaret J. Lesmeister et al.,  “17beta-estradiol suppresses TLR3-induced cytokine and chemokine production in endometrial epithelial cells,” Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 3 (2005).
23.  Spinillo.,  “The impact of oral contraception on vulvovaginal candidiasis,” Contraception 51, no. 5 (1995): 293-297.
24.  Natasha Campbell-McBride, Gut and Psychology Syndrome (Cambridge:  Medinform Publishing, 2004): 34.
25.  BJ Vesper.,  “The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the human microbiota,” Current Drug Metabolism 10, no. 1 (January 2009): 84-9.
26.  Usha Stiefel et al.,  “Suppression of Gastric Acid Production by Proton Pump Inhibitor Treatment Facilitates Colonization of the Large Intestine by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp. And Klebsiella pneumoniae in Clindamycin-Treated Mice,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 11 (November 2006): 3905-3907.
27.  “Children’s Aching Stomachs:  New Research Finds Young Children Are Increasingly Using Medications to Treat Gastrointestinal Ailments,” PR Newswire (4 October, 2007) http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1089416/childrens_aching_stomachs_new_research_finds_young_children_are_increasingly/index.html (accessed March 26, 2009).
28.  Milton Silverman and Philip R. Lee, Pills, Profits, and Politics (Berkeley:  University of California Press,1974) 6.
29.  Government Accounting Office, Prescription Drugs:  Improvements Needed in FDA’s Oversight of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising, GAO report number GAO-07-54 http://www.gao.gov/htext/d0754.html (accessed March 26, 2009).
30.  John Abramson, MD, Overdosed America:  The Broken Promise of American Medicine (New York: Harpers Collins, 2004).

Immunization

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Statistics Report, April 3, 2009, http://www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation/statistics_report.htm (accessed April 3, 2009).
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program—Omnibus Autism Proceeding,  http://www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation/omnibusproceeding.htm (accessed April 3, 2009).
3. Alberto Eugenio Tozzi et al., “Neuropsychological Performance 10 Years After Immunization in Infancy With Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines,” Pediatrics 123, no. 2 (February 2009): 475-482.
4. “Vaccine case draws new attention to autism debate,” CNNhealth.com http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/03/06/vaccines.autism/index.html (accessed August 22, 2009).
5. Generation Rescue, “Fourteen Studies,” www.fourteenstudies.org (accessed April 14, 2009).
6. Dr. Bernadine Healy, “The Vaccines-Autism War:  Détente Needed,” U.S. News and World Report http://health.usnews.com/blogs/heart-to-heart/2009/04/14/the-vaccines-autism-war-dtente-needed.html (accessed April 14, 2009).
7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule,” Centers for Disease Control, www.cdc.gov/nip/acip (accessed April 14, 2009).
8. Generation Rescue, “Autism and Vaccines around the World:  Vaccine Schedules, Autism Rates, and Under 5 Mortality,” http://www.generationrescue.org/documents/SPECIAL%20REPORT%20AUTISM%202.pdf (accessed April 14, 2009).
9. Dr. Sherri Tenpenny, Saying No to Vaccines, (Cleveland, OH:  NMA Media Press, 2008).
10.  Deirdre Imus, Growing Up Green: Baby and Childcare, (New York:  Simon & Schuster, 2008).
11.  Daniel P. Stites et al., Medical Immunology (Stamford, CT:  Appleton & Lange, 1997) 75.
12.  Julie Rowe et al.,  “Th2-Associated Local Reactions to the Accellular Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine in 4-to 6-Year-Old Children,” Infectious Immunology 73, no. 12 (December 2005): 8130-8135.
13.  Jessica Strid et al.,  “Epicutaneous immunization converts subsequent and established antigen-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) to Th2-type responses,” Immunology 119, no. 1 (September 2006): 27-35.
14.  Mansour Mohamadzadeh et al.,  “Lactobacilli activate human dendritic cells that skew T cells toward T helper polarization,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, no. 8 (February 2005): 2880-2885.
15.  Laura M’Rabet et al.,  “Breast-feeding and its role in early development of the immune system in infants: consequences for health later in life,” The Journal of Nutrition 138, no. 9 (September 2008).
16.  Dr. Kenneth Bock, Healing the New Childhood Epidemics: Autism, ADHD, Asthma, and Allergies (New York:  Ballantine Books, 2007).
17.  Arthur Allen, Vaccine:  The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver (New York:  W.W. Norton & Company, 2007).
18.  E. Fuenzalida et al.,  “Antirabies Antibody Response in Main to Vaccine Made from Infected Suckling-Mouse Brains,” Bulletin of The World Health Organization 30 (1964): 431-436.
19.  Itzchak Samina et al.,  “An inactivated West Nile virus vaccine for domestic geese-efficacy study and a summary of 4 years of field application,” Vaccine 23, no. 41 (September 2005): 4955-4958.
20.  Neil Z. Miller, Vaccine Safety Manual:  For Concerned Families and Health Practitioners (Santa Fe, NM:  New Atlantean Press, 2003).
21.  Marc Fischer et al.,  “Promise of new Japanese encephalitis vaccines,” The Lancet 370, no 9602 (December 2007): 1806.
22.  Etsuo Ohtaki et al.,  “Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after treatment with Japanese B encephalitis vaccine (Nakayama-Yoken and Beijing strains),” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 59 (September 1995): 316-317.
23.  Arthur M. Silverstein, Pure Politics and Impure Science:  The Swine Flu Affair (Baltimore:  Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981): 116-123.
24.  Sherri Tenpenny,  “Gardasil and the History of Mandatory Vaccination,” (lecture, Integrative Healthcare Symposium, New York City, February 20, 2009).
25.  Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, http://vaers.hhs.gov/ (accessed February 27, 2009).
26.  Anabel Aharon-Maor and Yehuda Shoenfeld,  “The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Vaccination,” Israel Medical Association Journal 2 (2000): 225-227.
27.  JF de Carvalho and Y. Shoenfeld,  “Status epilepticus and lymphocytic pneumonitis following hepatitis B vaccination,” European Journal of Internal Medicine 19, no. 5 (July 2008): 383-5.
28.  Havarinasab S et al., “Immunosuppressive and autoimmune effects of thimerosal in mice,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 204 (2005): 109-12.
29.  Anshu Agrawal et al., “Thimerosal induces Th2 responses via influencing cytokine secretion by human dendritic cells,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology 81 (2007): 474-482.
30.  Yann Mikaeloff MD, PhD et al., “Hepatitis B Vaccine and the risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood,” Neurology 72 (March 2009): 873-880.
31.  François-Jérôme Authier, MD, PhD, et al., “Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Patients with Macrophagic Myofasciitis,” Arthritis and Rheumatism 48, no. 2 (February 2003): 569-572.
32.  RK Gherardi, “Lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis:  towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome,” Revue Neurologique (Paris) 159, no. 2 (February 2003): 162-4.
33.  KL McDonald et al., “Delay in diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of childhood asthma,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 121, no 3 (March 2008): 626-31.
34.  Y Kuroda et al., “Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine,” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 58, no 5, (June 2004): 325-37.
35.  Barbro C. Carlson et al., “The Endogenous Adjuvant Squalene Can Induce a Chronic T-Cell Mediated Arthritis in Rats,” The American Journal of Pathology 156 (2000): 22057-2065.
36.  Yehuda Shoenfeld and Noel R. Rose, ed., Infection and Autoimmunity (Amsterdam:  Elsevier Science, 2004): 87-105.
37.  Autoimmune Technologies, “Gulf War Syndrome:  Anti-Squalene Antibodies Link Gulf War Syndrome to Anthrax Vaccine,” www.autoimmune.come/GWSGen.html (accessed August 22, 2009).
38.  BD Poole et al.,  “Lupus-like autoantibody development in rabbits and mice after immunization with EBNA-1 fragments,” Journal of Autoimmunity 31, no. 4 (December 2008): 362-71.
39.  BD Poole et al.,  “Epstein-Barr virus and molecular mimicry in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Autoimmunity 39, no. 1 (February 2006): 63-70.
40.  Carolyn Gallagher and Melody Goodman, “Hepatitis B triple series vaccine and developmental disability in US children aged 1-9 years,” Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 90, no. 5  (September/October 2008): 997-1008.
41. Laura Hewitson et al., “Delayed acquisition of neonatal reflexes in newborn primates receiving a thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine:  influence of gestational age and birth weight,” NeuroToxicology 31 no. 5 (October 2009).
42. CM Gallagher et al., “Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism,” Annals of Epidemiology 19 no. 9 (September 2009) 659.
43.  Generation Rescue, “Cal-Oregon Vaccinated vs. Unvaccinated Study,” http://www.generationrescue.org/survey.html (accessed May 3, 2009).
44.  Dan Olmstead,  “The Age of Autism:  ‘A pretty big secret’” UPI (December 7, 2005) http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2005/12/07/The-Age-of-Autism-A-pretty-big-secret/UPI-68291133982531/ (accessed May 3, 2009).
45.  M-M-R II (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live) Prescribing Information, http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mmr_ii/mmr_ii_pi.pdf (accessed May 3, 2009).
46.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention “Guide to Vaccine Contraindications and Precautions,” http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/vac-admin/downloads/contraindications-guide-508.pdf (accessed May 3, 2009).
47.  Paul Ashwood et al., “The immune response in autism:  a new frontier for autism research,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology 80, no. 1 (July 2006): 1-15.
48.  Luke Heuer et al.,  “Reduced Levels of Immunoglobulin in Children with Autism Correlates With Behavioral Symptoms,” Autism Research 1, no. 5 (October 2008):  275-283.
49.  Bitnun et al.,  “Measles inclusion-body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 29, no. 4 (1999): 855-61.
50.  Andrew J. Wakefield et al.,  “MMR vaccination and autism,” Lancet 354, no. 9182 (September 1999):  949-50
51.  Mireille T.M. Vossen et al.,“Persistent Detection of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in a Previously Healthy Child after Severe Chickenpox,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43, no. 11 (November 2005): 5614-5621.
52.  Henk Van Loveren et al.,  “Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses as Parameters of the Influence of Endogenous and Environmental Factors,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (2001): 757-764.
53.  Laura M’Rabet et al.,  “Breast-feeding and its role in early development of the immune system in infants: consequences for health later in life,” The Journal of Nutrition 138, no. 9 (September 2008).
54.  Patrick G. Holt and Julie Rowe, ed., Donald Y.M. Leung et al., “The Developing Immune System and Allergy,” Pediatric Allergy:  Principles and Practice (St. Louis, Missouri:  Mosby, 2003): 74.
55.  Anh Dai K. Nguyen and Robert F. Lemanske Jr., “Atopy in Children of Families with an Anthroposophic Lifestyle,” Pediatrics (August 2000): 433.
56.  JS Alm et al.,  “An anthroposophic lifestyle and intestinal microflora in infancy,” Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 13, no. 6 (December 2002): 402-11.